Hepatitis B and asymptomatic malaria coinfection in Sub-Saharan African immigrants: epidemiological and clinical features of HBV infection

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Here, we conducted an epidemiological study of hepatitis B virus (HBV) mono-infected and asymptomatic malaria/HBV coinfected immigrants and further discussed the possibility of malaria disease modifying the clinical presentation of HBV infection. METHODS: A total of 195 African immigrants were examined for HBV infection or coinfection with HBV and asymptomatic malaria. HBV infection was diagnosed using serological tests and confirmed by PCR; furthermore, we performed a pan-Plasmodium-specific-nucleic-acid-sequence-based-amplification (NASBA) assay to detect asymptomatic malaria infection. The stage/grade of the liver disease was determined using echotomography and elastometry. RESULTS: PCR-NASBA results confirmed that 62 of 195 subjects (31.8%) were positive for Plasmodium infection, whereas 41 of 195 subjects (21%) tested positive for HBV chronic hepatitis (HBV-DNA positive). Among the HBV-positive subjects, 26 (63.4%) of them were mono-infected patients (Group A), whereas 15 (36.6%) patients had HBV chronic hepatitis and asymptomatic malaria coinfections (Group B). The HBV-DNA median levels were 1.4×105IU/mL in HBV-mono-infected patients and 2.0×105IU/mL in coinfected patients. Echotomography and hepatic elastometry presented similar findings for both groups of patients. CONCLUSIONS: Coinfected patients seem to present with the same clinical symptoms of the liver disease as HBV mono-infected patients.

Haplotipos del gen de la globina beta en portadores de hemoglobina S en Colombia / Beta globin haplotypes in hemoglobin S carriers in Colombia

Introducción. La mutación de la hemoglobina S (HbS) va acompañada por otras mutaciones en la región del cromosoma 11, conocida como conjunto de la globina beta(beta globin cluster). El patrón de combinación de estos polimorfismos da lugar a los haplotipos que se heredan junto con la mutación de la hemoglobina S, se denominan haplotipos de la mutación bs y revisten gran importancia epidemiológica y clínica. Objetivo. Determinar la frecuencia de los principales haplotipos asociados al gen HBB en pacientes colombianos heterocigotos para hemoglobina S. Materiales y métodos. En la Clínica Colsanitas se han estudiado a la fecha 1.200 muestras de sangre periférica de niños en busca de hemoglobinopatías, y se ha encontrado el rasgo falciforme como la hemoglobinopatía más frecuente. Se determinaron los haplotipos del gen HBB que presentaron la mutación beta-S en 33 niños con patrón electroforético de hemoglobina AS, mediante reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) y enzimas de restricción. Se determinaron el patrón electroforético de la hemoglobina, el nivel de hemoglobina fetal y los parámetros hematológicos de cada individuo. Resultados. Los haplotipos de la hemoglobina S encontrados con mayor frecuencia en la muestra analizada son de origen africano y su orden de aparición fue mayor para el haplotipo Bantú (36,4 %), seguido por Senegal (30,3 %), Benín (21,2 %) y Camerún (12,1 %). La electroforesis de hemoglobina confirmó el fenotipo AS; la dosificación de hemoglobina fetal mostró niveles por debajo de 1 % y los parámetros hematológicos analizados mostraron valores normales en el 100 % de los individuos. Conclusión. Los haplotipos de la HbS encontrados con mayor frecuencia en la muestra estudiada eran de origen africano y su distribución variaba de acuerdo con el lugar de prodedencia del individuo. La mayor frecuencia correspodió al haplotipo Bantú.

Introduction. The hemoglobin S (HbS) mutation is accompanied by other mutations in the region of chromosome 11 known as "beta globin cluster". The pattern of combination of these polymorphisms giving rise to the haplotypes that co-inherit the HbS mutation, are called haplotypes bs, and are of great epidemiological and clinical significance. Objective. The frequencies of major haplotypes associated with S beta-globin gene was determined in Colombian patients heterozygous for hemoglobin S. Materials and methods. As part of the national neonatal screening program at Clínica Colsanitas, located in major cities of Colombia, nearly 1,200 children from different areas of the country were examined for hemoglobinopathies. The sickle cell trait was identified as the most common. S beta-globin gene haplotypes were determined by PCR and restriction enzymes in 33 children with AS hemoglobin electrophoretic patterns (carrier state). In addition, electrophoretic patterns of hemoglobin, fetal hemoglobin levels and hematologic parameters of each individual were identified. Results. The most frequent haplotypes in Colombia were the Bantú haplotype (36.4 %), followed by Senegal (30.3 %), Benin (21.2 %) and Cameroon (12.1 %) haplotypes. Hemoglobin electrophoresis confirmed the AS phenotype in all patients, and fetal hemoglobin levels below 1%. Other hematological parameters were normal in all cases. Conclusion. The HbS haplotypes found more frequently in the sample were of African origin, and their distribution varied according to the place of origin of the individual. The most frequent corresponded to the Bantu haplotype.

Seroprevalence of HIV infection among the foreign students at Agra during a fifteen year period (1988-2002).

The present study reports a retrospective analysis of data of HIV testing of foreign students from Sub-Saharan Africa, South-East Asia and Europe, studying as well as staying at Agra, over a period of 15 yr (1988 to 2002). Of the 2653 [2092 (78.85%) were from the Sub-Saharan African countries, 377 (14.21%) from the South-East Asian countries, and 184 (6.93%) from the European countries], foreign students tested for HIV, only 26 were found to be positive for HIV-1/2 antibodies by the ELISA, rapid and Western Blot assays. Out of 26 HIV-positive, 17 males and 7 females were from Sub-Saharan Africa and 2 males were from the European countries. The range of HIV-positivity over a period of 15 yr varied greatly. When the five-year (1988-1992, 1993-1997 and 1998-2002) results were compared, the HIV-seropositivity showed a decline from 1.85, 0.50 to 0.36 per cent in the first, second and third 5 yr slots, respectively. While the data were not representative of all foreign students in India, this reflected the population tested in this centre was not a growing focus of HIV infection in this part of the country.